Abstract Curcumin, contained at Turmeric (Curcumalonga), can exert many beneficial pleiotropic activities in the gastrointestinal tract. This study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of C. longa on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced oral mucositis (OM) in hamsters. Phytochemical analysis of crude C. longa extract (CLE) was performed to detect the presence of curcumin by TLC and HPLC. Golden Syrian hamsters were orally pre-treated with CLE (5, 50, or 100mg/kg). Cheek pouch samples were subjected to macroscopic and histopathological evaluation. ELISA was performed to quantify the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy analysis. Behavior analysis was conducted by the open field test. Curcumin content in the CLE was 0.55%m/m ± 0.0161 (2.84%). The group treated with 5mg/kg CLE showed healing evidence with macroscopic absence of ulceration (p<0.05) and microscopic aspect of re-epithelialization, discrete inflammatory infiltrate and absence of edema. Treatment with 5mg/kg CLE significantly increased GSH levels, and reduced MDA levels and SOD activity (p˂0.05), and decreased IL-1β (p˂0.05) and TNF-α (p˂0.01) levels. A significant reduction in walking distance, ambulation, speed, and rearing was observed for motor activity. Curcumin reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and motor activity in hamsters with 5-FU-induced OM.

Abstract Objectives: To study the intensity of inflammatory infiltrate and production of interleukin-1β (ll-1β), tumor necrosis factor-β (TNF-β), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and osteocalcin in response to in-office tooth bleaching in rats. Material and Methods: Twenty male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups (n=5) according to the received treatment (tooth bleaching or no treatment - control) and the period of euthanasia after treatment (24 h or 10 days). We performed tooth bleaching using a 38% hydrogen peroxide gel on maxillary and mandibular incisors. After euthanasia, incisors (20 per group) were processed for histological analysis, immunohistochemistry staining of ll-1β, TNF-β, FGF-2 and GPX and osteocalcin by immunofluorescence. We analyzed data using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn tests (p<0.05). Results: The bleached groups presented statistically significant differences regarding the pulp inflammation stage compared with the control groups. Bleached teeth showed moderate/severe inflammatory infiltrate and control groups presented absent inflammatory cells or a negligible number of mononuclear cells (p<0.001) at two times (24 h and 10 days). There was strong staining for ll-1β, TNF-β, and GPX in bleached groups at 24 h and strong staining for ll-1β, TNF-β, GPX and FGF-2 at 10 days. After 10 days of tooth bleaching, the bleached group showed a statistically superior amount of osteocalcin than the other groups (p<0.01). Conclusions: Tooth bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide causes severe pulp inflammation, but characteristics of tissue repair after 10 days.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de cinco formulações de carbamazepina na dosagem de 200,00 mg: medicamento referência Tegretol® (Novartis), medicamento genérico (indústria nacional), medicamento similar (indústria nacional) e cápsulas do mesmo medicamento obtidas de duas farmácias de manipulação da cidade do Natal, RN. Os ensaios realizados foram: peso médio, diâmetro, espessura, teor, dissolução, desintegração, dureza, friabilidade e umidade. Foi observado que nenhuma das amostras analisadas apresentou friabilidade superior ao limite máximo determinado pela Farmacopéia Americana (1,5%). O medicamento genérico, apesar de apresentar dureza superior em relação ao medicamento de referência, desintegrou em menor tempo, o que pode estar relacionado à crospovidona presente na formulação. As amostras analisadas atenderam às especificações da Farmacopéia Brasileira no que diz respeito à dissolução. Em geral, os resultados das amostras A, B, C, D e E foram considerados satisfatórios uma vez que atenderam as especificações farmacopéicas. Embora a apresentação similar não tenha atendido ao padrão USP no que diz respeito à dureza, esse dado não se mostrou significativo, uma vez que o tempo de desintegração foi satisfatório.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of five different solid formulations of carbamazepine. The reference formulation was Tegretol® 200.00 mg (Novartis) and the others were: generic formulation of carbamazepine 200.00 mg (National Industry), similar formulation of carbamazepine 200.00 mg (National Industry), and two formulations of carbamazepine 200.00 mg acquired from two different compounding pharmacies. The latter consisted of capsules obtained in Natal, the capital city of the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Norte. The quality of samples was evaluated through physical and physical-chemical tests, including: weight, diameter, thickness, content, dissolution, disintegration, hardness, friability and moisture. The results of friability analysis showed that all formulations met Brazilian and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) specifications. In spite of having a higher hardness compared to the reference, the generic formulation had a lower disintegration time. This could be associated to the presence of crospovidone in its formulation. Results of this study showed that all formulations had dissolutions which were in accordance with Brazilian Pharmacopoeia specifications, and quality control tests. An exception was found for the similar formulation, which had a hardness parameter that exceeded the USP standard. However, this difference was not significant given the similar formulation's satisfactory disintegration time.

O objetivo deste estudo experimental foi investigar as alterações morfohistológicas da amicacina em ratos. Ratos Wistar machos com idade de 8-12 meses e peso 200-250 g foram mantidos em temperatura (23±2°C) ambiente controlada com ciclos claro/escuro 12/12h. 25 ratos foram distribuídos em 5 grupos experimentais, cada grupo com 5 animais. 4 grupos receberam uma dose diária de amicacina de 15 mg/Kg pela via intraperitoneal. O grupo-controle foi tratado com 0,9% solução salina por 28 dias. Aos grupos I, II, III e IV foram administrados pela via intraperitoneal amicacina por 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias, respectivamente. Lâminas de tecido renal foram coradas com o reagente PAS e examinadas pela microscopia de luz. A morfologia das estruturas coradas pelo PAS do glomérulo renal foi avaliada nos diferentes grupos experimentais através de scores aplicando-se análise estatística de Kruskal-Wallis e Teste de comparação múltipla de Dunn’s com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados da microscopia mostraram que os rins dos grupos tratados com amicacina por 3 a 4 semanas apresentaram necrose celular (p< 0,0001), obstrução tubular e interrupção da membrana basal. Estes resultados mostraram que a administração crônica da amicacina induz alterações morfohistológicas no tecido renal.

The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the morphohistological effects of amikacin in rats. Male Wistar rats aged 8-12 weeks and weighing 200-250g were placed in a temperature (23±2°C) controlled room in which a 12/12h light: dark cycle was maintained. Twenty-five rats were randomly assigned to five experimental groups of five animals each that received daily treatment with 15 mg/kg of amikacin intraperitoneally. The control group was treated with 0.9% saline for 28 days. Groups I, II, III and IV were injected intaperitoneally with amikacin for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, respectively. Renal tissues slides were stained with PAS reagent and examined light microscopy. The morphology of the PAS stained structures of the renal glomeruli was evaluated in the different experimental groups using scores. The renal morphohistology and the morphologic analysis of PAS staining were analysed statistically with the Kruskal-Wallis Test and Dunn’s Multiple Comparisons Test (5% statistical significance). The results show microscopically that kidneys in the groups treated with amikacin for 3 and 4 weeks showed marked cellular necrosis (p< 0.0001), tubular obstruction, and basal membrane interruption. This result clearly shows that amikacin administration induces renal morphohistological alterations.

Due to its prominent role in major excretory pathways, the kidney is particularly sensitive especially to toxicity for antimicrobials drugs. Storage of these drugs in the renal cortex, their effect on renal cells, have consequences on the renal function, and then reabsorbed by renal tubules induce nephrotixicity. Our objective was to show the renal morphopatological alterations induced by gentamicin through the histochemical methods of routine periodic acid de Schiff (PAS) staining and imunohistochemical staining for the expression of the protein P53, which is considered as a marker for cellular apoptosis. This allows the early detection of tubular lesions. The renal morphopathologic findings were cell apoptosis, basal membrane interruption, mesangial proliferation cells, decreased Bowman's space. This result clearly shows that gentamicin administration induces renal morphopatological alterations.

Debido a su importante rol en la función de excreción mayor, el riñon es especialmente propenso a la toxicidad por los antibióticos bactericidas. La acumulación de los antibióticos aminoglicosidos en la corteza renal tiene como consecuencia efectos en las células renales y en la función renal y cuando son reabsorbidos por los túbulos renales, pueden conducir a toxicidad renal. Nuestro objetivo fue mostrar alteraciones morfopatológicas renales causadas por la administración de gentamicina, a través de métodos histoquímicos de rutina con ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) y tinción inmunohistoquímica para la expresión de la proteína P53, la cual es considerada como un marcador para la apoptosis celular, permitiendo la detección precoz de lesiones tubulares. Los resultados morfopatológicos renales fueron apoptosis celular, interrupción de la membrana basal, proliferación de células mesangiales y disminución del espacio de Bowman. Los resultados mostraron claramente que la administración de gentamicina induce alteraciones morfopatológicas renales.

OBJETIVO: estudar o uso de medicamentos por gestantes atendidas durante o pré-natal em unidades básicas do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na cidade de Natal, rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. MÉTODOS: foram entrevistadas 610 grávidas, entre o primeiro e o terceiro trimestre de gestação, que compareceram para consulta pré-natal em unidades de saúde localizadas nos quatro distritos sanitários de Natal, entre maio e julho de 2006. Os dados foram coletados com entrevistas estruturadas, baseando-se em perguntas uso-orientadas e medicamento-orientadas. Os fármacos foram classificados de acordo com o Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC) e segundo critérios de risco para a gestação da Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Utilizou-se teste do chi2 para análise dos dados. RESULTADOS: eram utilizados 1.505 medicamentos, obtendo-se uma média de 2,4 drogas por mulher. O uso de pelo menos um fármaco na gravidez foi relatado por 86,6% das gestantes. As classes mais utilizadas foram os antianêmicos (35,6% dos medicamentos), analgésicos (24,9%), drogas para distúrbios gastrintestinais (9,1%) e vitaminas (7%). De acordo com a classificação do FDA, dos medicamentos empregados 42,7% pertencem a categoria A de risco; 27,1% à categoria B, 29,3% à categoria C; 0,3 à categoria D e nenhum à categoria X. Foram usados, no primeiro trimestre da gestação, 43,6% dos fármacos. Observou-se maior uso de medicamentos quanto maior a escolaridade e a renda familiar da mulher. A automedicação ocorreu em 12,2% dos medicamentos; esse índice foi maior no primeiro trimestre de gravidez e em gestantes de baixa escolaridade e multigestas. CONCLUSÕES: as gestantes de Natal estão sendo expostas a uma variedade de medicamentos, cuja segurança na gravidez ainda é incerta, o que exige prescrição criteriosa para evitar possíveis danos ao feto.

PURPOSE: to study the use of medicines by pregnant women during prenatal care in clinics of the national public health system in the city of Natal, Brazil. METHODS: a total of 610 pregnant women between the first and the third trimesters of pregnancy were interviewed in the public clinics of the four sanitary districts of Natal, from May to July 2006. The data were collected by a structured questionnaire, based in use-oriented and medicine-oriented questions. The drugs were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System (ATC), in agreement with the gestation risk criteria from the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA). The statistical analysis was made by the chi2 test. RESULTS: a total of 1,505 drugs were used, with an average of 2.4 medications per woman. The use of at least one drug was found in 86.6% of the women. The most frequently used drugs were anti-anemics (35.6%), analgesics (24.9%), drugs for gastrointestinal disorders (9.1%) and vitamins (7%). According to the FDA classification, 42.7% belonged to category A risk, 27.1% to category B, 29.3% to category C, 0.3% to category D and none to category X. The use of medicines during the first trimester of pregnancy amounted to 43.6%. The rate of drug use increased with higher schooling level and family income. Self-medication was found in 12.2% of the drug intake and this rate was higher in the first trimester of gestation and with women with low education level and previous gestations. CONCLUSIONS: pregnant women from Natal are being exposed to a variety of medicines with uncertain safety in pregnancy. Therefore, more careful prescription is needed, to avoid possible fetal damage.

OBJETIVO: Verificar as variações quanto a sexo, idade, número e tempo de internação em pacientes com esquizofrenia. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado no Hospital Doutor João Machado, referência estadual psiquiátrica, situado em Natal/RN - Brasil, no período de 1999 a 2005. O número de casos, o tempo de internação, a idade e o sexo foram coletados. Esses dados foram analisados pela estatística descritiva e Teste de Mann-Whitney com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Durante esse tempo, 12.732 pessoas foram internadas. Os portadores de esquizofrenia corresponderam a 35,35% (4.501). A permanência no hospital foi de 44,33 ± 36,9 dias, diferente daquela observada nos não-portadores de esquizofrenia, 29,5 ± 61,6 dias (p < 0,0001). A idade média foi de 38,7 ± 13,5 anos, sendo a maioria dos pacientes do sexo masculino (65,78%). Em 1999, de cada 100 internados, 39,8 eram portadores de esquizofrênia; em 2005 essa proporção reduziu-se para 30,1. A esquizofrenia paranóide foi a mais freqüente, ocorrendo em 1.829 (40%) dos pacientes durante o período. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo aponta uma tendência à redução no número de doentes internados com esquizofrenia, bem como uma diminuição no tempo de internação.

OBJETIVE: To find out the variation range according to gender, age, number of admissions, and stay length in hospital for schizophrenic patients. METHODS: The study was performed in Doutor João Machado Hospital, Natal/RN - Brazil from 1999 through 2005. The number of cases, the stay length in hospital, the gender, and the age of the mentioned group were collected. This data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney Test with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Over that time, 12,732 people were admitted. The schizophrenic patients corresponded to 35.35% (4,501). The stay length in the hospital was 44.33 ± 36,9 days, compared to 29.5 ± 61.6 days for non-schizophrenic patients (p < 0.0001). The average age was 38.7 ± 13.5 years and most patients (65.78%) were male. In 1999, 39.8 out of 100 admitted patients were schizophrenic; in 2005 this ratio was reduced to 30.1. Paranoid schizophrenia was the most prevalent type, reaching 1,829 (40%) patients during the study time. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows a trend to reduced number of patients admitted due to schizophrenia, as well as a reduced stay length in the hospital.